Comparative Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Near Legal System - Essay Example Promissory estoppel brings standards of decency and value into the condition just because and brings down the bar to permit progressively casual game plans to have power of law. While it would an exaggeration to state that estoppel sabotages customary law rules of considerationâ€because courts have prudence whether to apply the teaching or notâ€it surely changes the noteworthiness of thought in contract-production. The precept of promissory estoppel forestalls a gathering in a lawful relationship from pulling back a guarantee made to another gathering if the last has depended on that guarantee and followed up on it to their weakness. This regulation was restored after numerous decades in lack of definition by Lord Denning in Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130. For this situation High Trees House rented a square of pads for a rate  £2500 every year from Central London Property Trust. In view of the war and the German shelling of London it was exceptionally elusive individuals to live in the pads and High Trees was losing a great deal of cash. In 1940, the gatherings settled on an understanding recorded as a hard copy to decrease the lease significantly. The timeframe that this decrease was to last, nonetheless, was not satisfactory. Throughout the following five years, High Trees paid the decreased rate. At that point, in 1945, the pads were increasingly we ll known and full once more. There was a contradiction between the two gatherings and Central London sued for installment of the full rental expenses. In his decision, Lord Denning composed: I am fulfilled that a guarantee, for example, that to which I have alluded is official and the main inquiry staying for my thought is the extent of the guarantee in the current case. I am fulfilled on all the proof that the guarantee here was that the ground lease ought to be decreased to 1,250l. a year as a transitory catalyst while the square of pads was not completely, or generously completely let, attributable to the conditions winning . . . I am fulfilled that the guarantee was comprehended by all gatherings just to apply under the

The Wonderful World of Writing Paper Gift Sets

The Wonderful World of Writing Paper Gift SetsToday's many people prefer online shopping as opposed to going to local stores for a variety of different gifts, and a big part of this is the wonderful selection of writing paper gift sets that are now available. There are so many different paper types and designs, such as handmade letter sets and professional note pads and envelopes. In addition, there are even paper pads with a variety of stickers and stamps on them that make great gifts for your boss, your partner, or anyone else that you might think of giving something that they would really enjoy.When you are out shopping for gifts for a friend or family member, you can look online for the gift shop where you are going to be shopping for that person. You will find that most online gift shops offer a variety of gift sets at different prices. This means that if you shop around, you can get some great deals on one item. Some might cost less than $10, while others could cost more than $ 100.If you think that you can find a great writing paper gift set at a discount, make sure that you take a close look at the paper and the stamp or sticker that it contains. Sometimes you can find a bargain price when you search the Internet, and then only because you're looking at the wrong websites. For example, if you look at a website for writing paper, you might only find the top brands of writing paper, but you won't be able to tell that the price includes a few extra things.You will find that writing paper gift sets with a lot of different things on them have been made for years. This means that they might be old, but they will still work. That is not the case with new paper that you buy at a store, and you will find that this type of paper will tear easily and have to be discarded after only a short time of use.With buying online, you can be certain that you are getting your money's worth. If you know exactly what you want in a writing paper gift set, you can find these and you can also read up on what is included. You will see that there are all kinds of things that are available that you might not be aware of, and you will save yourself a lot of trouble by purchasing online.Another great thing about buying online is that you can save some money if you want something that is a little bit more extravagant than what you can get at a store, and that is an extra fun thing to try. You can get special paper bags that you can use for everything that you put in them, and you can use them to hold special things that are going to be useful to your family members, friends, or your business clients. Not only can you use them for things that are special to them, but you can use them to carry their personal belongings, and you can also use them to store their items for your store.You can help your business customer feel special by buying these gifts for them that you know they will love. As soon as you have your order in, you can start looking for the special paper bags and paper gifts that you can put into them. You will find that these paper bags make great gifts and they will be able to bring a smile to any business customer's face.Online shopping makes it possible for you to get something in your hands that will have your customer beaming with joy when he gets it in the mail. You can also take care of your customers with the same care that you would want to give to yourself with writing paper gift sets that will make them happy.

Legal Mari Guiana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lawful Mari Guiana - Essay Example Then again, a few states, for example, California, Hawaii, Washington and New Jersey among others have passed laws to take into account the residents to develop and utilize pot for clinical purposes. Nations, for example, Mexico, Uruguay, Netherlands and Argentina among others have mostly legitimized the utilization of Marijuana whereby residents are permitted to expend and have certain measures of the medication for recreational purposes (Bakalar, 2007). This paper is a basic assessment of why or why not pot ought to be sanctioned. Maryjane ought to be legitimized as a method for making incomes for the legislature, regarding tax assessment. Neglecting to do so supports illicit exchange whereby conscientious sellers structure associations, through which the item is exchanged mystery and in significant expenses. These unlawful street pharmacists keep on enhancing themselves and this rouses them and makes it reasonable for them to work and money other illicit organizations, for example, weapon exchange, human dealing among others, which incorporate crimes, for example, posse savagery. Pundits in this discussion may have overlooked the effect the restriction on liquor deal and use in the US during the 1920s had on the general public yet it might be imperative to advise them that it came about to boundless illicit exchange of the item and the rise of ground-breaking gatherings, mafia, which exploited the powerlessness of the legislature to authorize the law (Rosenthal, 2003). Truth be told, it is accepted this frame d the premise of the development of medication lordship in the nation as these cartels had just been familiar with the rewarding exchange and thus needed to wander into other comparable organizations once the boycott was lifted and liquor got available in the general market. In this specific circumstance, groups of hoodlums contend over business sectors whereby one posse claims responsibility for certain region and at whatever point some other pack part crosses this domain looking for clients, savagery emits prompting

Top Topics For Agriculture Essay

Top Topics For Agriculture EssayThe topics for agriculture essays can be broadly categorized into four categories - economics, history, geography and religion. Each of these areas has specific details that students should know about before beginning the essay. Since the topics for agriculture essay are mainly about topics that relate to agriculture, students should spend their time on the subjects that they are best in, which is why it would be a good idea to familiarize yourself with the fundamentals of agriculture as early as possible. The topics for agriculture essay should have at least two sections - one for the background and one for topics.The background section needs to be filled with very important aspects of the subject such as the name of the state, the time period in which the topic was made, or whether it was composed by a farmer or an architect. Most of the states have developed their own mythology regarding their state's history, so being able to find the origin of the term is very important for the topics for agriculture essay. The writing style of the essay can be either formal or informal depending on how one feels. Essay writers who are looking for an environment conducive to writing tend to use formal style while those who prefer a more conversational tone will choose informal style. The essay has to be short, yet elegant and to the point.After the background section, students are free to opt for any number of topics according to their preferences. In the sub-heading, students can place their interests, preferences, favorite subject matter, or other qualifications. If there is no sub-heading for the topics for agriculture essay, then students can either put their passions or the things that make them happy. People who are good writers would choose their subjects as something that they would like to talk about during dinner, for example.A common topic for many topics for agriculture essay is religion. Students will be asked to write an essay on the purpose of farming, the motives behind certain decisions made by governments, and even religious matters. The topics for agricultureessay are not limited to religion, but may also touch upon the manner in which farming has influenced the way people treat each other, the way people have viewed farming, and the direction that farming is heading.As previously mentioned, the essay could cover a variety of topics such as new trends in farming, the history of farming, the way people use farming, the kind of farming, etc. Being interested in the history of farming is very important because it touches on important details about how people have treated farming in the past, how agriculture has impacted lives, and how agriculture has made living easier.One of the most difficult parts of writing a history of farming is relating the events and stories that people have told. Sometimes the numbers of times people have told the story is enough to give the essay its own identity. Writing in t he form of anecdotes gives students a chance to narrate the stories that are most interesting to them, though such forms are not considered to be history.Finally, the geography section is another crucial part of the topics for agriculture essay. Students are required to explain the geography of the state in which they are writing. Those who are interested in the geography of farming may simply list out the important cities in the state, while those who are interested in the geography of their state can list out the important things that they saw on their way to their destination.

Dendrochronology - Tree Ring Records of Climate Change

Dendrochronology is the formal term for tree-ring dating, the science that uses the growth rings of trees as a detailed record of climatic change in a region, as well as a way to approximate the date of construction for wooden objects of many types. Key Takeaways: Dendrochronology Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, is the study of growth rings in deciduous trees to identify absolute dates of wooden objects.  Tree rings are created by the tree as it grows in girth, and the width of a given tree ring is dependent on climate, so a stand of trees will all have a near-identical pattern of tree rings.The method was invented in the 1920s by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler.  Recent applications include tracking climate change, identifying pending slope collapses, finding American trees in World War I trench construction, and using chemical signatures in tropical trees to identify past temperature and precipitation.  Tree ring dating is also used to calibrate radiocarbon dates. As archaeological dating techniques go, dendrochronology is extremely precise: if the growth rings in a wooden object are preserved and can be tied into an existing chronology, researchers can determine the precise calendar year—and often season—the tree was cut down to make it. Because of that precision, dendrochronology is used to calibrate ​radiocarbon dating, by giving science a measure of the atmospheric conditions which are known to cause radiocarbon dates to vary. Radiocarbon dates which have been calibrated by comparison to dendrochronological records are designated by abbreviations such as cal BP, or calibrated years before the present. What are Tree Rings? Cross section of a tree illustrating the cambium layer. Lukaves / iStock / Getty Images Tree-ring dating works because a tree grows larger—not just height but gains girth—in measurable rings each year in its lifetime. The rings are the cambium layer, a ring of cells that lies between the wood and bark and from which new bark and wood cells originate; each year a new cambium is created leaving the previous one in place. How large the cambiums cells grow in each year, measured as the width of each ring, depends on temperature and moisture—how warm or cool, dry or wet each years seasons were. Environmental inputs into the cambium are primarily regional climatic variations, changes in temperature, aridity, and soil chemistry, which together are encoded as variations in the width of a particular ring, in the wood density or structure, and/or in the chemical composition of the cell walls. At its most basic, during dry years the cambiums cells are smaller and thus the layer is thinner than during wet years. Tree Species Matters Not all trees can be measured or used without additional analytical techniques: not all trees have cambiums that are created annually. In tropical regions, for example, annual growth rings are not systematically formed, or growth rings are not tied to years, or there are no rings at all. Evergreen cambiums are commonly irregular and not formed annually. Trees in arctic, sub-arctic and alpine regions respond differently depending on how old the tree is—older trees have reduced water efficiency which results in a reduced response to temperature changes. Invention of Dendrochronology Tree-ring dating was one of the first absolute dating methods developed for archaeology, and it was invented by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler in the first decades of the 20th century. Douglass was mostly interested in the history of climatic variations exhibited in tree rings; it was Wissler who suggested using the technique to identify when adobe pueblos of the American southwest were built, and their joint work culminated in research at the Ancestral Pueblo town of Showlow, near the modern town of Showlow, Arizona, in 1929. The Beam Expeditions Archaeologist Neil M. Judd is credited with convincing the National Geographic Society to establish the First Beam Expedition, in which log sections from occupied pueblos, mission churches and prehistoric ruins from the American southwest were collected and recorded alongside those from living ponderosa pine trees. The ring widths were matched and cross-dated, and by the 1920s, chronologies were built back nearly 600 years. The first ruin tied to a specific calendar date was Kawaikuh in the Jeddito area, built in the 15th century; charcoal from Kawaikuh was the first charcoal used in (the later) radiocarbon studies. In 1929, Showlow was being excavated by Lyndon L. Hargrave and Emil W. Haury, and dendrochronology conducted on Showlow eventuated the first single chronology for the southwest, extending over a period of over 1,200 years. The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research was established by Douglass at the University of Arizona in 1937, and it is still conducting research today. Building a Sequence Over the past hundred years or so, tree ring sequences have been built for various species all over the world, with such long date strings as a 12,460-year sequence in central Europe completed on oak trees by the Hohenheim Laboratory, and an 8,700 year-long bristlecone pine sequence in California. Building a chronology of climate change in a region today was first simply a matter of matching overlapping tree ring patterns in older and older trees; but such efforts are no longer based solely on tree-ring widths. Features such as wood density, the elemental composition (called dendrochemistry) of its makeup, the anatomical features of the wood, and stable isotopes captured within its cells have been used in conjunction with traditional tree ring width analysis to study air pollution effects, the uptake of ozone, and changes in soil acidity over time. Medieval Là ¼beck In 2007, German wood scientist Dieter Eckstein described wooden artifacts and building rafters within the Medieval town of Là ¼beck, Germany, an excellent example of the myriad ways the technique can be used. Là ¼becks medieval history includes several events that are pertinent to the study of tree rings and forests, including laws passed in the late 12th and early 13th century establishing some basic sustainability rules, two devastating fires in 1251 and 1276, and a population crash between about 1340 and 1430 resulting from the Black Death. Construction booms at Là ¼beck are marked by the extensive use of younger trees, which signal demand outpacing the ability of the forests to recover; busts, such as after the Black Death decimated the population, are denoted by a long period of no construction at all, followed by the use of very old trees.In some of the wealthier houses, the rafters used during construction were cut down at different times, some spanning more than a year; most other houses have rafters cut down at the same time. Eckstein suggests that is because wood for the wealthier house was obtained at a timber market, where the trees would have been cut and stored until they could be sold; while less well-off house constructions were built just-in-time.Evidence of long-distance timber trade is seen in wood imported for pieces of art such as the Triumphal Cross and Screen at the St. Jacobi Cathedral. That was identified as having been constructed out of wood that had been specifically shipped in from 200-300-yea r-old trees from the Polish-Baltic forests, probably along established trade routes from Gdansk, Riga, or Konigsberg harbors. Tropical and Subtropical Environments Clà ¡udia Fontana and colleagues (2018) documented advances in filling a major gap in dendrochronological research in tropical and subtropical regions, because trees in those climates have either complex ring patterns or no visible tree rings at all.  That is an issue because because since global climate change is in progress, we need to understand the physical, chemical and biological processes that effeect terrestrial carbon levels is increasingly important. The tropic and subtropic regions of the world, such as the Brazilian Atlantic Forest of South America, store about 54% of the total biomass of the planet. The best results for standard dendrochronological research are with the evergreen Araucaria angustifolia (Paranà ¡ pine, Brazilian pine or candelabra tree), with a sequence established in the rainforest between 1790–2009 CE); preliminary studies (Nakai et al. 2018) have shown that there are chemical signals which trace precipitation and temperature changes, which m ay be leveraged for gaining more information.   The elliptical rings on this tree from Turkey show that the tree grew tilted on a slope for several years, the part facing the upslope identified by the narrowness of the ring in the right hand side of the image. Mehmet Gà ¶khan Bayhan / iStock / Getty Images A 2019 study (Wistuba and colleagues) found that tree rings can also warn of impending slope collapses. It turns out that trees that are tilted by landsliding record eccentric elliptical tree rings. The downslope parts of the rings grow wider than the upslope ones, and in studies carried out in Poland, Malgorzata Wistuba and colleagues found that those tilts are in evidence between three and fifteen years prior to catastrophic collapse. Other Applications It had long been known that three 9th century Viking period boat-grave mounds near Oslo, Norway (Gokstad, Oseberg, and Tune) had been broken into at some point in antiquity. The interlopers defaced the ships, damaged the grave goods and pulled out and dispersed the bones of the deceased. Fortunately for us, the looters left behind the tools they used to break into the mounds, wooden spades and stretchers (small handled platforms used to carry objects out of the tombs), which were analyzed using dendrochronology. Tying tree ring fragments in the tools to established chronologies, Bill and Daly (2012) discovered that all three of the mounds were opened and the grave goods damaged during the 10th century, likely as part of Harald Bluetooths campaign to convert Scandinavians to Christianity. Wang and Zhao used dendrochronology to look at the dates of one of the Silk Road routes used during the Qin-Han period called the Qinghai Route. To resolve conflicting evidence over when the route was abandoned, Wang and Zhao looked at wood remains from tombs along the route. Some historical sources had reported the Qinghai route was abandoned by the 6th century AD: dendrochronological analysis of 14 tombs along the route identified a continuing use through the late 8th century. A study by Kristof Haneca and colleagues (2018) described evidence for the importation of American timber to construct and maintain the 440 mi (700 km) long defensive line of World War I trenches along the western front. Selected Sources Bill, Jan, and Aoife Daly. The Plundering of the Ship Graves from Oseberg and Gokstad: An Example of Power Politics? Antiquity 86.333 (2012): 808–24. Print.Fontana, Clà ¡udia, et al. Dendrochronology and Climate in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Which Species, Where and How. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 13.4 (2018). Print.Haneca, Kristof, Sjoerd van Daalen, and Hans Beeckman. Timber for the Trenches: A New Perspective on Archaeological Wood from First World War Trenches in Flanders Fields. Antiquity 92.366 (2018): 1619–39. Print.Manning, Katie, et al. The Chronology of Culture: A Comparative Assessment of European Neolithic Dating Approaches. Antiquity 88.342 (2014): 1065–80. Print.Nakai, Wataru, et al. Sample Preparation of Ring-Less Tropical Trees for ÃŽ ´18O Measurement in Isotope Dendrochronology. Tropics 27.2 (2018): 49–58. Print.Turkon, Paula, et al. Applications of Dendrochronology in Northwestern Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 29.1 (2018 ): 102–21. Print.Wang, Shuzhi, and Xiuhai Zhao. Re-Evaluating the Silk Roads Qinghai Route Using Dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 31.1 (2013): 34–40. Print.

Managing Diversity Essay - 1800 Words

Managing Diversity No two humans are alike. People are different not only in gender, culture, race, social and psychological characteristics but also in their perspectives and prejudices. Society had discriminated on these aspects for centuries. Women and minority groups were denied of their due rights. But not any more. Since 1960s, when federal legislation prohibited employment discrimination, minorities and female applicants have become the fastest-growing segment in the work force. Diversity makes the work-force heterogeneous. The work-force diversity used in the corporate world today is the varied characteristics of employees working in same organization. Despite the magnitude of the ethical, legal, economic, social, and political†¦show more content†¦Diversity can be broadly divided in two main types, e.g. superficial diversity (e.g. differences in gender, ethnicity, nationality) and deep-level diversity (e.g. differences in knowledge, skills and differences in values). Importance of su perficial diversity can be reduced by increased amounts of interaction between individuals of various sexes, ethnicity and nationality etc thereby increasing the importance of deep-level diversity . For an enterprise to become diverse, it has to concentrate on its internal workforce. A worst practice in diversity is by initiating a corporate diversity effort focused on customers and external public relations. It leads to false expectations. Focus of diversity initially should be on internal culture. A dedicated and motivated diverse workforce will automatically lead an organization to diverse society. There can be many factors that motivate organizations of all sizes to diversify their workforces. Legal requirement of non discrimination is a major cause but then there are few organizations which make their workforce diverse taking it as a social responsibility. The diversity may be adopted for economic payback, particularly through initiatives like welfare-to-work, thereby effectiv ely turning tax users into tax payers. Companies may be motivated towards diversity for many other reasons like resource imperative, or as a marketing strategy. It can also be used as a capacity buildingShow MoreRelatedEssay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace1449 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today (UCSF). Workplace diversity refers to having a variety of different types of people working together within a place of business. Employee gender, race, religion, sexual preference, physical appearance, family or marital status, education, culture, personality, or tenure establishes diversity in the workplace. 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Recently, the concept of diversity has completely changed from beforeRead MoreThe Importance of Managing Diversity906 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Managing Diversity â€Å"Diversity can be considered and dimension that differentiates a person from another† (Noe, p 432). Diversity brings considerable benefits. Decision making and improved problem solving are great examples of what diversity can help with. Diversity also brings greater creativity and innovation, which leads to better product development; and more successful marketing to different types of customers. Diversity provides organizations with the ability to competeRead MoreManaging Cultural Diversity6595 Words   |  27 PagesARTICLES What is managing diversity and why does it matter? Sharon Mavin and Gill Girling University of Northumbria at Newcastle Abstract: In the UK, human resource practitioners and academics alike are becoming more aware of the emergence of managing diversity. But what does managing diversity actually mean, how does it translate into practice, and what does it matter? The following paper brie y debates the rhetoric of managing diversity and considers whether managing diversity is a distinct approachRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Workplace1043 Words   |  5 PagesManaging diverse employees in a multicultural environment proves challenging to managers; yet, increasing diversity in the workplace is very beneficial for an organization. Diverse employees will provide a wider array of talents and will relate better to varied customers. Because managers have more influence than rank-and-file employees, it is imperative that managers commit to diversity of the workforce. Dissimilarities among people due to differences in characteristics can erode companies. Firstly

Politics of Middle East

Question: Discuss about the Politics of Middle East. Answer: Introduction Life of the Islamic people varies greatly that from the people from the West. It has been considered that world of Islam was in the forefront of the civilizations. However, with the initiation of modernity, the Islamic culture and people were separated from the world. They were considered as less educated and even less civilized. This paper will discuss the nature of authoritarian regimes in Middle East and how it affects the private life of people. Middle Eastern Authoritarian Regimes The political regime of the Middle East is considered to be unstable and undemocratic. The political system can also be called as democracy deficit. Some of the countries in Middle East are considered to be democratic (Morocco, Kuwait and Lebanon), some are considered to be partially democratic (like Iraq and Egypt), while others are considered to have authoritarian regimes (Gumuscu, 2010). Authoritarian regime is also considered as a type of government, which has strong power and allow very limited political freedom. Such government puts many constraints on the political parties, interest groups and political institutions. For such government, legitimacy is mainly based on the emotions. The democracies also have limited freedom, regular elections and also have political parties, but the power mainly remains in the hands of the regimes. For example, Lebanon has the regular elections and also political parties but the political system remains constrained by sectarian affiliations and neopatrimonial clientalistic properties (Khondker, 2011). There are the dominant elites, who control the system of countries. The individual choices and gender roles are mainly affected by the role of class. The society is divided in the working class and elite class. The authoritarian regime is achieved when the elite groups hold all the power in the rising economy. The elite group work towards getting a political position to seek their own political agendas. The life of the people is affected, due to the imbalance. The life of the people is restricted mainly due to class identity. The abundance of the oil is in the hands of the elite and powerful people, which also impact the political outcomes. The image of the women is different in the Middle East then in the West. Women have faced many inequalities in the past that still affects her image in present. The past secular law in Iraq gave rise to the practice of pleasure marriages. Women were used for pleasure in the name of marriage (Lewis, 2003). Man used to get married to woman for few days, weeks or months just to satisfy their physical needs. These were the temporary marriages, which resulted in many STDs and illegitimate children. The religious interference deteriorated the quality of life of women and also challenged their rights. The legal rights of the women were less protected in the Islamic World. People were forced to live the life according to the rules of the authoritarian regimes. Thus, democratization is required in the Middle East. Democratization is the process of bringing transition in the political system by changing authoritarian regimes to democratic political system. It is very important that religious and state interfere in democratization, because religion is of great significant in the political system of Middle East and working in collaboration may bring significant changes. The religious groups in Iraq have also considered pleasure marriages as illegal. The secular law of Iraq also sup[ports the rights of women, thus religious and state interference in democratization seems to be important. Women are objectified in the Middle Eastern countries in comparison to West. The patriarchal structure of the society has resulted in the violence and victimization of women. There is a significant relationship between patriarchy and authoritarianism. The authoritarianism regimes has resulted in authoritarian family structure and had also increased violence against women. Obedience has served as the virtue that feeds the mechanism of authoritarianism (Ghanim, 2009). The pride and honor of the men is considered to be superior then life of women. This relationship between obedience and authoritarianism has also impacted the gender relationships. Authoritarianism has inflated the male ego, which in turn increases family violence against women (Mernissi, 2009). The generations of young people are challenging these restrictions, as women are now outraged. Thus, new legal law in Iraq and other places are providing some freedom to them. The young generation is marching against the restricti ons and invasion of their privacy. They are challenging the authority of the regimes and fighting against the taboos. Conclusion The society of the Middle East is the Islamic society. It has long, restricted people and also interfered with their normal rights. The gender differences are quite significant in the society. This essay demonstrated that what are the problems people are facing due to authoritarian regimes and what has been the impact on life of women. References Mernissi, F. (2009). Islam and democracy: Fear of the modern world. Basic books. Ghanim, D. (2009).Gender and violence in the Middle East. ABC-CLIO. Gumuscu, S. (2010). Class, status, and party: The changing face of political Islam in Turkey and Egypt.Comparative Political Studies,43(7), 835-861. Khondker, H. H. (2011). Role of the new media in the Arab Spring.Globalizations,8(5), 675- 679. Lewis, B. (2003).What went wrong?: the clash between Islam and modernity in the Middle East. Harper Collins.